Up and Down Stairs (53 page)

39
. Hecht, pp. 42–3.

40
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 147–8.

41
. Mortlock, p. 197.

42
. Turner, pp. 154–5.

43
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 147–8.

44
. Samuel and Sarah Adams,
The Complete Servant
(1825), p. 7.

45
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 153.

46
. Hecht, p. 45.

47
. Hecht, p. 46.

48
. Hecht, p. 47.

49
. Christie, p. 118.

50
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 153.

51
. Pamela Sambrook,
Keeping Their Place
(2007), pp. 55–7 (afterwards Sambrook).

52
. Hecht, p. 50.

53
. Hecht, p. 50.

54
. Christie, p. 136.

55
. Hecht, p. 50.

56
. T.F.T. Baker (ed.),
Victoria County History of the County of Middlesex
, vol. V (1976), p. 120.

57
. ‘General Instructions’ of the 1730s, copy on display at Boughton House, outside the armoury; and information from the Duke of Buccleuch.

58
. Waterfield, pp. 45–6.

59
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 214–15.

60
. Gilly Lehmann,
The British Housewife
(2003), p. 139 (afterwards Lehmann).

61
. Mary-Anne Garry, ‘Upstairs and Downstairs’, in the
Holkham Newsletter
(2007), p. 5.

62
. Hannah Glasse,
The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy
(1747).

63
. Lehmann, p. 75.

64
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 136.

65
. Lehmann, p. 76.

66
. Lehmann, p. 75.

67
. Hannah Glasse,
The Servants Directory, Improved, or, House-keepers Companion
(1762), pp. 1–8.

68
. Glasse, pp. 1–8.

69
. Glasse,
Servants
, pp. 11–14.

70
. Duke of Northumberland Estates, DNP MSS, 121 (93), p. 118.

71
. Glasse,
Servant’s
, p. 45.

72
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 150.

73
. Tessa Murdoch (ed.),
Noble Households
(2006), p. 282.

74
. Christina Hardyment,
Behind the Scenes: Domestic Arrangements in Historic Houses
(1997), p. 200.

75
. Sambrook, pp. 129–30, 144, and 162–3.

76
. Hardyment, p. 90.

77
. Christie, p. 114.

78
. Glasse,
Servants
, p. 42.

79
. Letter from Michael Blount III to his father Michael Blount II, 20 October, 1787, from the Blount family papers, at Mapledurhan House, Berkshire, with thanks to Dr R.G. Williams, archivist.

80
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 147.

81
. Christie, p. 114.

82
. Christie, pp. 114–15.

83
. Lehmann, p. 302.

84
. Gordon Lyndall,
Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft
(2005), p. 93.

85
. Christie, p. 116.

86
. Turner, p. 63.

87
. G.F. Berkeley,
My Life and Recollections
(1865), pp. 30–1.

88
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 242.

89
. Turner, p. 64.

90
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 155.

91
. Christie, p. 188.

92
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 175.

93
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 176–7.

94
. Waterfield et al. (eds), p. 155.

95
. Mortlock, p. 203.

96
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 176.

97
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 164–73.

98
. E.I. Carlyle (revised by Anne Pimlott-Baker), ‘William Speechly (1723–1819)’,
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(2004–9).

99
. George Clutton, ‘The Gardeners of the eighth Lord Petre’,
Essex Naturalist
, vol. 32 (1967–71), pp. 201–210 (afterwards Clutton).

100
. Clutton, pp. 201–210.

101
. Hecht, p. 49.

102
. John Abercrombie,
Abercrombie’s Practical gardener
, 2nd edn (1817). I am very grateful to Brent Elliot of the RHS library for pointing out this story.

103
. John Phibbs, ‘Lancelot Brown (baptised 1716–d. 1783)’,
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(2004–9); and see Dorothy Stroud,
Capability Brown
(1950).

104
. Hecht, p. 50.

105
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 179.

106
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 179–80.

107
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 181.

108
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 182.

109
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 184.

110
. Merlin Waterson,
The Servants’ Hall: A Domestic History of A Country House (1990)
, p. 141.

1
. L.G. Mitchell (ed.),
The Purefoy Letters
(1973), pp. 137–9, (afterwards
Purefoy
).

2
.
Purefoy
, pp. 137–9.

3
. Wynn papers, from Nostell Priory, now in the West Yorkshire Archives Service, Wakefield (WYW), 1352, A1.5A.4; my thanks to Jane Troughton for her transcription of these letters between Jane, Countess of Dundonald and Sabine, Lady Wynn.

4
. Asa Briggs,
How They Lived
, vol. III (1969), p. 142.

5
. Wynn papers, WYW 1352, A1.5A.4; my thanks to Jane Troughton.

6
. Pamela Sambrook,
Keeping their Place
, p. 35.

7
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 87–90.

8
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 89; Kenneth Little,
Negroes in Britain
, 2nd edn (1972), p. 195 (afterwards Little).

9
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 90.

10
. Richard Hewlings, ‘Who was Burlington’s Black Servant’,
Country Life
(2004), vol. 198, pp. 64–5; and Little p. 189.

11
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 83.

12
. Little, p. 196.

13
. Information from Lydia Lebus; the headstone and the verse are still extant.

14
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, p. 82, Little, p. 189, and Christie, pp. 120–1.

15
. Little, pp. 221–2.

16
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 84–5.

17
. Horn,
Flunkeys
, pp. 84–5.

18
. Little, p. 192; this is the number of people of African extraction in London in the 1790s.

19
. Christie, p. 120.

20
. Horn
Flunkeys
, pp. 95–7.

21
. Information from Lord Sackville; Robert Sackville-West,
Knole
(1994), p. 34.

22
.
The Spectator
(1711), no. 88, Monday, 11 June, pp. 36–8.

23
. Jonathan Swift,
Directions to Servants
(1745, republished by Hesperus Press, 2005), (afterwards Swift).

24
. Swift, p. 3.

25
. Swift, p. 5.

26
. Swift, pp. 5–6.

27
.
Irish Wit and Humour: Anecdote and Biography of Swift, Curran, O’Leary and O’Connell
(1872), pp. 24–30.

28
. Swift, p. vii.

29
.
Purefoy
, p. 142.

30
.
Purefoy
, p. 144.

31
.
Purefoy
, p. 147.

32
. Hertfordshire County Archives, ref MS DE/P/F 193, letter of Lord Cowper to his wife, date 5 June 1720, f. 78 with especial thanks to Lucy Worsley for drawing my attention to this letter and sharing her transcript.

33
. Brian Dolan,
Ladies of the Grand Tour
(2001), p. 138.

34
. Dolan, pp. 138–9.

35
. Stella Tillyard,
Aristocrats
(1994), pp. 217–9 gives a full account of the Kildares’ household; and Patricia McCarthy in
Irish Architectural and Decorative Studies
, vol. IV, 2003, pp. 120–139 (afterwards McCarthy); the original manuscript is in the Duke of Northumberland Estates, the relevant material in fols 15–23.

36
. Notes made by the late John Cornforth.

37
. Tillyard, pp. 217–9.

38
. McCarthy, pp. 120–5.

39
. McCarthy, pp. 120–5.

40
. Tillyard, pp. 218–9.

41
. McCarthy, pp. 218–9.

42
. Arthur Young,
A Tour of Ireland
, first published 1780 (1925), p. 200.

43
. McCarthy, pp. 120–5.

44
. Tillyard, p. 218.

45
. Archives of the Duke of Northumberland Estates at Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 164 and 121, with thanks to archivist Chris Hunwick for his generous assistance in guiding me to this important material.

46
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 164(e), p. 30.